What are the standards & guidelines for PV electricity?

Additional standards and guidelines have later been published such as the ISO 21930 (Environmental Product Declaration on Construction Products”, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2017), and the Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) for PV electricity (TS PEF Pilot PV 2018).

What are the regulatory levels for photovoltaic systems?

At least three regulatory levels for the production, installation, operation and end of life of photovoltaic systems can be considered. Additionally, the Life Cycle Assessment methodology is also regulated by standards. In this chapter, the three levels are presented.

What impact do the standards have on the PV industry?

These standards have limited impact on the PV industry, where the use of plastic is low and the content of REEs in PV modules is almost non-existent (although the dependence is higher in electronic equipment of BoS).

How can TDP be used to identify a PV system?

Typical Daily Profiles (TDP) offer a tool to identify the mounting condition of a PV system based on statistical indicators (kurtosis and skewness). Two exponential equations can help differentiate and label fixed and tracking mounted PV systems. The results have shown that around 65% of 168 PV systems in Chile are tracking systems.

What are the requirements for regulating PV system design and battery function?

First, to regulate system design and battery function: IEC 62124 for stand-alone PV system design recommendations and PV performance evaluation (including battery testing and recovery after periods of low state-of-charge) in a variety of climatic conditions, and IEC 62509 for battery charge controllers.

When is water used in PV panels?

Water use occurs during all life cycle stages of PV electricity. Water is used in industrial processes of the supply chains of PV panels, for cleaning purposes during the operation of PV systems and in the end of life stage in PV panel recycling.